Electrical engineer Salary and conditions

• Range of typical starting salaries: £20,000 - £25,000.
• Experienced or incorporated engineers can earn between £28,000 - £38,000.
• A chartered electrical engineer can earn £40,000 - £50,000 or more.
• Salaries vary considerably according to location, the size of the employing organisation and the nature of its business.
• Working hours vary and are job-specific. You may need to work extra and unsocial hours to meet deadlines or resolve design difficulties. Some jobs offer flexible working.
• You may be located in a production plant, workshop, office, laboratory, factory or on site, or possibly a mixture of several of these. Conditions may be hot, dusty or cramped, although most electrical engineers work in comfortable offices.
• Jobs are available throughout the UK, with jobs in the manufacturing sectors concentrated in industrial areas.
• Travel within the working day is common. Jobs in multinational organisations may involve overseas travel.
• Women are still underrepresented in all areas of engineering, although the number of women working in SET (science, engineering and technology) is increasing and is now around 12%. Some firms and organisations, such as WISE (Women into Science, Engineering and Construction) , The UKRC  and Women's Engineering Society (WES) , actively encourage and promote the entry of women into engineering education, training and practice.
• Self-employment and consultancy are possible after building up expertise and a reputation within the profession. It would be normal to hold chartered engineer status before entering consultancy work.
• There are good opportunities for working overseas, particularly in the oil, petrochemical and power sectors, large consulting firms and large building contractors. This could be either an overseas posting with a multinational employer or by applying for a job based overseas.

Electrical engineer Job description

Electrical engineers design, develop and maintain electrical control systems and/or components to required specifications, focusing on economy, safety, reliability, quality and sustainability.
They design and manufacture electrical equipment for use across many sectors, such as:

• the building industry and services, including lighting, heating, ventilation, etc.;
• transportation and transport networks;
• manufacturing and construction;
• production and distribution of power.

Electrical engineers are involved in projects from the concept and detail of the design through to implementation, testing and handover. They may also be involved in maintenance programmes.
As well as technical knowledge, electrical engineers need to project manage and multitask. They also need to have commercial awareness. Additional attributes, such as team leadership or management skills, are required as careers progress.

Typical work activities

Most electrical engineers work in a multi-disciplinary project team, which is likely to include engineers from other specialist areas as well as architects, marketing and sales staff, manufacturers, technicians and customer service personnel. They may also work with representatives from customer organisations.
Depending on the organisation, the electrical engineer may be involved at every stage of design and development or may just be involved at one particular stage. The nature of the role varies according to industry or sector, but the range of activities common to many posts is likely to include the following:

• identifying customer requirements;
• designing systems and products;
• reading design specifications and technical drawings;
• researching suitable solutions and estimating costs and timescales;
• making models and prototypes of products using three-dimensional design software;
• working to British (BS), European (EN) and other standards;
• liaising with others in the design team;
• liaising with clients and contractors;
• attending meetings on site;
• designing and conducting tests;
• recording, analysing and interpreting test data;
• proposing modifications and retesting products;
• qualifying the final product or system;
• servicing and maintaining equipment;
• preparing product documentation, writing reports and giving presentations;
• monitoring a product in use to improve on future design.

Mechanical engineer Career development

Throughout your career, you will be required to add to your expertise through in-service training or through further study. Most careers in engineering lead to a senior position with responsibility for other staff and/or larger projects and budgets.
To progress in the profession, it is becoming increasingly important to achieve professional status as a chartered engineer (CEng). The Engineering Council , in collaboration with the main engineering institutions, has introduced regulations known as UK Standard for Professional Engineering Competence (UK-SPEC) . These affect all graduates aspiring to achieve CEng status.
As companies operate in an increasingly international market, the European engineer (Eur Ing) status and additional language skills will become a distinct advantage if you wish to progress further in the profession. All chartered engineers are eligible to apply for Eur Ing status.
Many mechanical engineers decide to develop additional skills, such as business or management, so that they can get involved with larger projects and take on greater responsibility. Good commercial awareness is essential for career development, as well as developing people management skills, as many engineers will be required to lead teams or manage projects.
Some mechanical engineers move into business functions, such as procurement, sales and marketing or human resources (HR). Others will develop their technical skills and look to move into senior engineering posts, such as engineering director. Another career path could involve moving into engineering consultancy.

Mechanical engineer Training

If you want to become a chartered engineer (CEng), you should check that any post you accept offers training and experience accredited by an engineering institution. You will need to undertake a programme of initial professional development and will be assigned a mentor, who will monitor your progress in the early stages of your engineering career.
Most large firms offer structured training and encourage professional development. Usually, firms offer in-service training and short courses for specific needs. Your in-house training may include placements in different departments to broaden your experience. Some employers are unable to provide broad training experience themselves, and it is worth checking what arrangements they have in place.
To gain CEng status, you will need to submit a written report and satisfy an assessment panel that you have the skills, specialist knowledge and competence to practise as an engineer. It is possible to achieve CEng or incorporated (IEng) status within four to six years after graduation.

Mechanical engineer Entry requirements

This area of work is open to the following engineering disciplines:

• mechanical engineering;
• engineering science;
• aeronautical engineering;
• agricultural engineering;
• computer-aided engineering;
• manufacturing engineering;
• nuclear engineering.

A good honours degree is usually required, although some employers place as much emphasis on people skills and commercial awareness as on class of degree. For chartered status (CEng) however, an accredited MEng degree or an acceptable combination of other academic awards is essential. This could include a BEng (Hons) that is accredited for CEng, plus an appropriate Masters degree or approved further learning or relevant experience to Masters level.
Some employers recruit only graduates but may consider diplomates for technical-level posts. Technician training can lead to experience of development and design work at a lower level. An alternative for holders of accredited HNDs is to do a top-up course to convert to a degree, or to undertake a matching section. This may be done through a combination of work and part-time or distance-based learning. It is then possible to progress to incorporated engineer (IEng) level.
Entry without a degree or HND is possible for people over 35 who have a minimum of 15 years' experience in engineering, including responsibility for managing projects. For information on mature candidate schemes, contact the:

• Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE)  or the
• Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)  

A pre-entry postgraduate qualification is not needed, although an MSc could be helpful.
Pre-entry experience is not needed, although a relevant sandwich or vacation placement can be advantageous and is highly recommended. You might be able to count some of the experience gained during a sandwich placement towards qualifying for CEng status. Vacation work, placements and sandwich courses all provide evidence of skill development and commercial awareness.
Potential candidates will need to show evidence of the following:

• a high level of technical and scientific knowledge and the ability to apply this knowledge to practical problems;
• good oral communication skills and confidence in dealing with a wide range of people, including clients, contractors, designers, directors and plant operators;
• precise and concise written communication skills;
• the ability to work well within a team;
• IT skills, particularly computer-aided design;
• creative ability;
• the ability to work under pressure;
• organisational skills, such as time and resource planning.

Fluency in a second language may be advantageous depending on the type of industry.
Start finding out about employers before your final year and make contact with them at engineering recruitment fairs.
For full information and guidance on entry requirements and training routes, contact the relevant professional body (either the IMechE or the IET).

Mechanical engineer Salary and conditions

• Range of typical starting salaries: £20,000 - £28,000, with the average around £22,000.
• Mid-level salaries for lead/principle engineers with several years experience: £35,000 - £50,000.
• Range of typical salaries at senior level/with experience, e.g. after 10 - 15 years in the role: £40,000 - £55,000 plus.
• Salaries vary from company to company and some sectors attract higher salaries, according to demand. Final salaries may be affected by hours of work.
• Working hours typically include regular extra hours, but not usually weekends or shifts.
• The work is mainly office-based with regular visits to plants, factories, workshop or building sites. Factory production areas can be noisy.
• Self-employment and freelance work are possible for qualified engineers with a good track record and experience. Short-term contract or consulting work is also possible, often arranged through agencies.
• Fewer women than men are becoming chartered engineers (CEng). The number has risen over the past few years but the percentage of women engineers in the UK continues to be lower than in other European countries. Some firms and organisations, such as WISE (Women into Science, Engineering and Construction) , actively encourage female entrants to the profession. Women's Engineering Society (WES)  runs student groups in some universities.
• Opportunities are usually available in towns and cities that have a strong manufacturing or research base, or in regions where there is a local facility that supports specialist engineering.
• Work is often to deadlines, particularly in consultancy work.
• Dress code can vary from a suit and tie for office-based work to a hard hat and overalls when working on site.
• Travel within a working day is frequent. Absence from home at night and overseas work or travel may be required, depending on the employer and nature of the business. There are many opportunities to work abroad, particularly throughout Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Australia. It is possible to gain professional recognition in other European countries and chartered engineers can apply for European engineer status (Eur Ing).

Post-Doctorate of Engineering Training

Professionals who have earned their doctorate of engineering can move into post-doctoral research training as a way to further hone their skills and expertise. Through these research assignments, candidates with a PhD in engineering can gain invaluable experience in their field, make vital contacts, and, essentially, cultivate employment opportunities.
A cutting-edge field like engineering demands expert research skills. That's where post-doctorate of engineering training comes in, providing an ideal avenue for learning the latest in engineering developments and experimenting with evolving ideas and innovations.

In addition, fellowships, research associateships, and other sponsored post-doctoral research opportunities offer substantial financial support. Many fellows receive a stipend that covers housing and general living expenses for the entire sponsorship period. Some fellowship sponsors may also provide an allowance to cover costs for relocation, required travel, health insurance and even retirement benefits.

 

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Types of Post-Doctorate of Engineering Research

Research universities and colleges are the most likely places to find post-doctorate of engineering training. You can also take your PhD in engineering to government and private industry research labs. Typically, institutions that offer post-doctoral research jobs will list them as fellowships or research associateships. Many different organizations, such as the following, sponsor coveted engineering and scientific fellowship awards:

• The National Research Council (NRC)
• The National Academy of Engineering
• The Ford Foundation
• U.S. Department of State
• AAUW (formerly American Association of University Women)
• Vietnam Education Foundation (VEF)

Online Options

Many online sources exist for uncovering the perfect post-doctoral assignment for you, including the National Science Foundation, the National Research Council, independent foundations, and universities and colleges nationwide. A simple Internet search can lead you to an extensive list of websites offering postdoctoral job posts.

One other consideration: engineering does not mandate post-doctoral work. In fact, the National Science Foundation reports that 37 percent of PhD recipients in engineering participated in one or more post-doctoral assignments within the first five years after graduation—not a large majority. And only seven percent of engineers surveyed stated that post-doctoral assignments were required for a career in their field.

So why go for a PhD in engineering? Because research and development are the core of the profession. Ninety-two percent of those who take on post-doctoral assignments cite research and development as their main incentive.

Master's Degree in Engineering Programs

 

Master's Degree Programs in Engineering

Master's degree in engineering programs equip students with in-depth knowledge and skills in a particular engineering specialty, expanding on the proficiency they gained as undergraduates. And students can design their master in engineering studies as either a platform for real-world application or a future in academics.
Depending on the college or university, master's-level engineering programs will grant graduates with either a Master of Science in Engineering (MS or MSE) or a Master of Engineering (MEng).
With the detailed training that a traditional or online master's degree in engineering provides, graduates can advance their careers to higher-level technical or management positions, depending on their organization and industry. Some master's students might choose to combine their engineering training with graduate-level business course work in an effort to demonstrate the breadth of their knowledge and capabilities.

 

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Master of Science in Engineering (MSE)

A Master of Science in Engineering is the traditional graduate-level engineering degree that prepares students for advanced work in the engineering profession or academics. In general, students in engineering master's programs can expect their courses to focus exclusively on their chosen specialty, including hands-on practice attained through lab work, real-world experience or a combination of both.
Typically, MS or MSE programs take an interdisciplinary approach and involve completing both course work and a written thesis based on independent research. Most Master of Science in Engineering programs take one to two years to complete.

Master of Engineering (MEng)

Students interested in enhancing their practical engineering skills may prefer a Master of Engineering degree. Like an MS or MSE, MEng programs help students build on the technical skills and knowledge acquired through undergraduate engineering studies. But they are aimed more toward advancing an individual's professional credentials for employment rather than building a foundation for a career in research or academics. Usually, course work for a Master of Engineering degree takes about 12 months to complete.

Online Master's Degree in Engineering Programs

Online master's degrees in engineering offer their own unique advantages, particularly for working adults who want to earn a degree but still keep their day job. An online program lets you keep bringing home a paycheck while you attend school, take advantage of your employer's tuition reimbursement program, or simply remain a vital member of your organization's team, all in the midst of pursuing your master's in engineering.

Other benefits of online learning? Variety. Choose an MS or MEng program across the country, and study in the comfort of your own home. Plus, online master's in engineering programs are highly prevalent and cater to a wide variety of specialties, including computer science and software, civil, project management and sustainable energy engineering.

 

Bachelor's Degree in Engineering

 

Bachelor's in Engineering

A bachelor's degree in engineering provides students with the fundamental engineering training they need to start exciting careers in the engineering field.
With an extensive variety of engineering specialties available, including aerospace, biomedical, environmental and technology, engineering students have the opportunity to find the perfect niche for their career interests.
When it comes to career options, engineers seem to have endless opportunities. They work in manufacturing, health care, financial institutions, consulting services, energy, agricultural and environmental research, education and government—to name just a few areas. Not to mention, a bachelor degree in engineering provides a foundation for graduate-level engineering study, as well as degrees in law, medicine and business.

 

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Bachelor of Science in Engineering (BR or BSE)

A Bachelor of Science in Engineering is the traditional engineering degree that prepares students for work as professional engineers and computer scientists. Along with concentrated study in their chosen specialization, undergraduate engineering students can expect to take course work in mathematics, physical and life sciences, and general engineering. They can also anticipate fulfilling general education requirements in the social sciences or humanities.

Bachelor of Engineering Technology (BET)

Bachelor of Engineering Technology programs are based on sound foundations in applied sciences and mathematics. The typical curriculum emphasizes basic principles, applications and extensive laboratory experience. With a BET, graduates can go on to careers in practical design and production work, rather than jobs that involve more theoretical aspects of the profession.

Online Bachelor's Degree in Engineering

Online learning offers several advantages, from flexibility and convenience to college choice. In particular, working adults looking to earn their degree or build on current skills have the benefit of taking courses to suit their schedule. And students who find the perfect program across the country can take those courses from the comfort of their own homes, without having to relocate.

Students interested in online education will find a number of bachelor in engineering programs to suit their needs. Some specialties, such as computer science and systems engineering, are more prevalent than others.

Different schools might offer training exclusively online, while others may require a combination of online and on-campus commitments. Of course, gaining practical experience in the course of online training, through internships or other work experience, lends well to career opportunities after graduation.

 

Technology Management Degrees and Careers

 

What You'll Do

Technology management is a truly multidisciplinary field that integrates personnel and project management skills with solid knowledge of technological systems and operations. Its purpose is critical: to ensure competitive advantage for organizations through the effective incorporation and development of technology. Engineering or technology-based businesses such as software or hardware companies rely on well-trained technology managers, but so does any organization that uses complex machinery or computer systems.

Technology managers may face a complex spectrum of job duties, including supervision of a wide array of technical personnel, design and deployment of computer and other technological systems, project management, production and operations management, evaluation of technology value, and safety and quality control oversight. Technology management may even encompass innovation and entrepreneurship as it applies to technologically-based businesses.

Job Opportunities

Entry-level jobs in technology management include customer support or help desk positions, database or website development positions, or programming jobs. However, those with experience in the field or who have earned graduate degrees are eligible for more supervisory roles, including project management. Executive-level positions in technology management, such as Chief Technology Officer (CTO), Director of Management Information Systems (MIS) or Director of Information Technology (IT), have added responsibilities, such as working with upper management, overseeing personnel and developing an organization's overall technology strategy.  Job opportunities are available in a wide range of industries, from IT and telecommunications to nanotechnology to insurance and financial companies.

The Future of Technology Management

As industries continue to become more technology focused, workers with the leadership skills to be effective technology managers will be in high demand. Companies need knowledgeable technology managers to ensure that their computing and technical systems are up-to-date, efficient and secure. Besides the obvious job opportunities in various technology and engineering sectors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics expects employment growth in consulting services and healthcare organizations.

Schools & Degrees

• Associate's Degree in Technology Management: To work in the technology management field, a 2-year degree in a related field such as technology engineering or management information systems is a good start. However, a bachelor's degree is usually the minimum education needed for a management career.
   
• Bachelor's Degree in Technology Management: A technology management bachelor's degree—usually a Bachelor of Science—is a 4-year program preparing you to enter the technology business world. It usually combines coursework in a particular area of technology or engineering with classes in business management fundamentals.
   
• Master's and Doctoral Degrees in Technology Management: Graduate degrees in technology management include the Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Science (MS), and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Graduate programs provide more specialized courses in the management of technological systems and personnel.
   
• Online Technology Management Degrees:  Online degrees at the 2-year and 4-year level are available in information technology, technology engineering and project management. There are also a number of online MBA programs in technology management.

Salaries

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2012-13 Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for computer and information systems management is $115,780. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors.

 

Petroleum Engineering Schools, Degrees and Careers

 

 

What You'll Do

By Sarah Stevenson
Petroleum engineering professionals are responsible for the discovery, extraction, and refinement of natural oil and gas resources. Reserves of crude oil and natural gas found throughout the world are critical not only to the energy industry—providing fuel for transportation and energy for lighting and heat—but also in the manufacture of a plethora of industrial and consumer products, from plastics to cosmetics.

Petroleum engineers work with geologists and other scientists to locate oil and gas resources and determine the safest, most effective methods and equipment for extracting those resources. They also develop new technologies such as computer-controlled drilling to increase the amount of resources recovered.

Job Opportunities

Because the oil and gas energy industries are truly global in scale, petroleum engineers have a lot of international job opportunities. Essentially, however, they work wherever the oil and gas industries are located, either overseas in oil-producing nations or in states in the U.S. with large natural energy reserves. Petroleum engineers may work in the field as drilling or reservoir engineers, or they can be managers, teachers or consultants. Though of course major oil and gas companies employ a lot of petroleum engineers, opportunities are available in other industries, such as mining and petroleum product manufacturing.

The Future of Petroleum Engineering

As long as the demand for energy remains high, petroleum engineers will be needed to locate new sources of oil and gas and to develop more effective methods of extracting and processing existing resources. In addition, a large number of current petroleum engineers are expected to retire over the next 10 years, which means that many new scientists and engineers will be needed.

Schools & Degrees

• Associate's Degree in Petroleum Engineering: Community colleges as well as more specialized engineering or mining schools may offer 2-year associate's degrees in petroleum engineering technology or pre-engineering. The former qualifies you for technician work in the field, while the latter prepares you to transfer to a 4-year program.
   
• Bachelor's Degree in Petroleum Engineering: Typically, a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in petroleum engineering begins with general education, preparatory math and science, and introductory petroleum engineering courses. The final two years of the program involve more specialized courses, such as geology or well drilling.
   
• Master's and Doctoral Degrees in Petroleum Engineering: Master of Science, Master of Engineering (MEng) or PhD degrees in petroleum engineering usually focus on more specialized subjects, such as economic evaluation or production system design. Graduate degree holders enter the field with more advanced knowledge and leadership skills.

Salaries

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2012-13 Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for petroleum engineers is $122,280. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors.

Nuclear Engineering Schools, Degrees and Careers

 

What You'll Do

By Sarah Stevenson
Nuclear engineers use their expertise in math, physics and engineering as well as their knowledge of social and environmental issues to tackle the safe, effective design of a number of processes and systems, including nuclear plants for energy generation, nuclear power sources for military or space vehicles, systems for disposal of radioactive waste, and equipment used in nuclear medicine.
Nuclear engineers may also be involved in research and development of new products, monitoring of nuclear power systems, power plant operation, radioactive waste disposal, radiation measurement, and reactor engineering. The application of nuclear medicine techniques, such as x-ray technology and radiation sterilization of equipment, is another exciting area of nuclear engineering.

 

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Job Opportunities

Employment opportunities for nuclear engineers run the gamut from jobs for those with advanced degrees and lots of experience, such as management or teaching, to entry-level work  as technologists or support staff. Nuclear engineering professionals are invaluable in a number of industries, including the followiing:

• Consulting
• Consumer and industrial power
• Health and medical research
• Transportation
• Food and water safety

The federal government is a major employer in the field, particularly the Department of Energy and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Also, universities always need knowledgeable individuals to teach nuclear engineering.

The Future of Nuclear Engineering

With growing interest in nuclear power as a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels, the potential for job growth in the energy sector is promising. In the United States, no commercial nuclear power plants have been built for some time, but if nuclear energy catches on, nuclear engineers will be needed to research and design new types of power plants with safety, efficiency and proper waste management in mind. Other areas of nuclear engineering expected to grow in coming years are nuclear medicine, health physics and agricultural techniques such as the development of new crop varieties.

Schools & Degrees

• Associate's Degree in Nuclear Engineering: A nuclear engineering technologist or technician usually holds a 2-year degree. An Associate of Science (AS) degree program includes core courses in nuclear engineering subjects as well as training in math, physics and computer applications.

• Bachelor's Degree in Nuclear Engineering: A Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in nuclear engineering includes the same core courses as the associate's degree, plus more in-depth study of specialties such as health physics, fission systems or radiation imaging. A bachelor's degree prepares you for entry-level employment as a scientist or engineer. 

• Master's and Doctoral Degrees in Nuclear Engineering: Laboratory research or university faculty jobs usually require a graduate degree in nuclear engineering: a Master of Science or PhD degree. You can enter a graduate program after earning a 4-year degree in nuclear engineering or a related area such as mechanical or electrical engineering.

Salaries

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2012-13 Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for nuclear engineers is $101,930. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors.

 

Telecommunications Engineering Degrees and Careers

What You'll Do

By Jennifer Wegerer
A specialty within electrical engineering and closely linked to broadcast engineering, telecommunications engineering involves the design of specialized computer and electronics equipment for use in a telecommunications network or infrastructure. These include cellular telephone networks, broadband systems and other cutting-edge technologies. 

Along with designing intricate telephone and high speed data systems, telecommunications engineers often oversee the installation of telecommunications equipment and are responsible for coming up with creative, cost-effective solutions to telecommunications problems. Their in-depth training in modern-day telecommunications technology and engineering equips them with the expertise and problem-solving skills to successfully achieve this goal.

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Job Opportunities

Playing a key role in building a communications infrastructure for a global economy, telecommunications engineers enjoy job opportunities in a number of industries. They work in wired and wireless communications companies, engineering consulting or design firms, electronics components manufacturers, and government agencies.

The Future of Telecommunications Engineering

The telecommunications industry seems to invent a new technology every day. From cell phones to smart phones to ever-improving broadband communications, telecommunications engineers have been integral to driving the world into the twenty-first century.

In that regard, the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) reports that the FCC has released a comprehensive plan to increase broadband accessibility and speed to consumers in rural areas of the U.S., which, in turn, will encourage economic opportunities and job growth. Manufacturers, construction and telecommunication services will benefit from the expansion of the country's broadband infrastructure as will rural entrepreneurs and businesses interested in expanding their market base.

Schools & Degrees

Telecommunications engineers utilize a diverse skill set in developing telephone and high speed data services. Their education typically involves a broad array of engineering training, including electronics, civil, structural and electrical, along with fundamental business courses and project management.

Typically, telecommunications engineers hold bachelor's degrees in electrical engineering and enter their field in an apprentice-type role, gaining practical experience working closely with a senior-level telecommunications engineer. Students interested in obtaining a master's degree can pursue advanced training in electrical or telecommunications engineering.

Salaries

Telecommunications engineers are part of the larger field of electrical engineering. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2012-13 Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for electrical engineers is $85,920. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors.

Mechanical Engineering Schools, Degrees and Careers

What You'll Do

By Sarah Stevenson
Mechanical engineering is a very broad discipline, covering the design and manufacturing of mechanical devices from hand-operated tools to complex machinery. Mechanical engineers work in a wide range of industries, but what all jobs in the field have in common is a focus on the mechanics of motion, whether it's fluid dynamics in a hydroelectric power system, the transport and conversion of energy, or the moving parts of complex automated factory equipment.
Mechanical engineering professionals often concentrate on drafting and design engineering, such as product, equipment or systems design. They also work on research and development, manufacturing, and testing in the lab or in the field.

Job Opportunities

The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that 15.1 percent of America's engineers are mechanical engineers. Many work in general machinery engineering, such as refrigeration systems; heating, ventilation and air conditioning; or industrial manufacturing equipment. Others work in energy-related fields, helping to develop new sources of energy production or designing methods of energy conversion like power plants and combustion engines. Some design transportation machinery, while others test machines such as vehicles and elevators for safety. There are even mechanical engineers who explore the limits of technology through the design of robotics and automated systems.

The Future of Mechanical Engineering

In many ways, mechanical engineers shape the future of industry. Because mechanical engineering is at the forefront of developing and improving products, machines and systems, there will always be a high demand for qualified workers in any sector that relies on the use of mechanical technology. Emerging fields such as biotechnology, nanotechnology and alternative energy technology will also produce an increasing number of job opportunities.

Schools & Degrees

• Associate's Degree in Mechanical Engineering: Entry-level mechanical engineering jobs usually require a bachelor's degree. However, a 2-year associate's degree in mechanical engineering technology makes it possible to start work as a technician, assist licensed mechanical engineers in the field, or transfer to a 4-year program.
   
• Bachelor's Degree in Mechanical Engineering: Besides technical training in design, computer and simulation applications, and applied sciences, a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in mechanical engineering teaches you the problem-solving and analytical skills that are critical for practicing engineers. Many mechanical engineering students also select a specialty such as aerospace engineering or propulsion systems.

• Master's and Doctoral Degrees in Mechanical Engineering: A master's or doctoral degree enables you to further specialize in a particular area of mechanical engineering, whether you choose to work in the field as an engineer or pursue research. Graduate degree options for mechanical engineers include the Master of Science (MS), Professional Science Master (PSM), or PhD.
   
• Online Mechanical Engineering Degrees:  More and more institutions are offering online bachelor's and master's degrees in mechanical engineering, as well as associate's degrees in mechanical engineering technology. There are even a few online PhD programs in mechanical engineering.

Salaries

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2012-13 Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for mechanical engineers is $79,230. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors.

Materials Engineering Degrees and Careers

What You'll Do

By Sarah Stevenson
Materials engineering careers involve the study, development and testing of materials required in a wide range of manufactured products. Those in a materials science engineering career may work to find new uses for existing materials, or they may use basic types of materials—metals, ceramics, plastics, semiconductors and composites—to create brand-new substances that meet the specifications of a particular project.

Materials engineering entails the specialized study of materials at an atomic and electrochemical level. Most materials engineers focus on a particular type of material, such as metals (metallurgical engineering) or ceramics (ceramic engineering). Besides the design and production of materials, they may be involved in the recycling of materials or in ensuring their reliable and efficient manufacture. These skills are indispensable in a wide range of manufacturing industries where precision of material components is necessary.

 

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Job Opportunities

Materials science and engineering careers generally begin on the technical side of the field, such as manufacturing or research and development. Materials engineers usually work on primary materials production, manufacturing of end products which use primary materials, or they're employed by services such as consulting or engineering firms. Some move on to work in consulting, sales or management. Though materials engineers are needed throughout nearly every type of industry, most work in the aerospace manufacturing industry, in architectural or engineering services, or in semiconductor and electronics manufacturing. In your employment search, keep an eye out for job titles like manufacturing engineer, process engineer, or materials development engineer.

The Future of Materials Science and Engineering Careers

As manufacturing sectors continue to search for more efficient new materials, incorporate recycled or reclaimed materials, and explore pioneering biotechnological and nanotechnological solutions, materials engineers will have a vital role to play.

Schools & Degrees

• Associate's Degree in Materials Engineering: Often, a bachelor's degree is required to start work as an engineer, but 2-year associate's degree programs are available in materials engineering technology or materials science, allowing the degree holder to begin work in a technician capacity or transfer to a 4-year program.
   
• Bachelor's Degree in Materials Engineering: Materials science and engineering careers usually begin with a bachelor's degree—a Bachelor of Science in either the general materials science and engineering field or in one of the specialty areas such as metallurgy or polymers. A few schools offer Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) degrees.
   
• Master's and Doctoral Degrees in Materials Engineering: If you have a bachelor's degree in materials engineering or a related field, you may choose to deepen your knowledge and increase your job marketability with a graduate degree in the subject, such as a Master of Science, Master of Engineering (ME) or PhD degree. A master's degree takes one to two years to complete, and a PhD may require one to two years beyond that.

Salaries

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2012-13 Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for materials engineers is $83,120. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors.

Industrial Engineering Degrees and Careers

What You'll Do

By Sarah Stevenson
While most engineering fields are concerned with specific products, systems or processes, industrial engineering focuses on managing people, organizing businesses and optimizing the use of technology in ways that increase efficiency in a variety of workplace settings. Today's companies need to compete in an increasingly global market, and industrial engineers help them do just that by improving both productivity and quality—whether the result is a streamlined operating room in a health care setting, an optimized production schedule for manufacturing, or a long-range and detailed financial plan.

Industrial engineers may be called upon to perform a wide range of tasks in their effort to reduce wasted time, energy and money in the workplace:

• They use mathematical models or computer simulations to determine the best possible design for information, production and distribution systems.
   
• They work on a managerial level, assisting with strategic planning, financial analysis, salary administration and job evaluation programs.
   
• They work with human factors and ergonomics, optimizing the interaction between employees and their physical and technological workplace environment. 

Job Opportunities

There are job opportunities for industrial engineers in a mind-boggling variety of industries. Industrial engineering isn't just about manufacturing; it's also called for in service industries, health care, shipping and logistics, banking, entertainment, forestry and logging, the military, and all levels of government. However, the greatest numbers of industrial engineers are employed in manufacturing sectors such as aerospace manufacturing, motor vehicle parts manufacturing, and the manufacture of navigational, measuring, medical and other instruments.

The Future of Industrial Engineering

An ongoing need to improve productivity in order to keep up in a fiercely competitive marketplace, as well as an interest in increased efficiency of production to reduce environmental impact, will ensure that industrial engineers have plenty of job opportunities in the future.

Degrees & Schools

• Associate's Degree in Industrial Engineering: While a bachelor's degree is usually the minimum education required to start work as an engineer, 2-year associate's degree programs are available in industrial engineering technology, allowing the degree holder to begin work in a technician capacity or transfer to a four-year program.
   
• Bachelor's Degree in Industrial Engineering: A bachelor's degree is required by most entry-level industrial engineering jobs. Usually, the first two years of the program are spent studying pre-engineering and general education subjects, while the last two are devoted to core engineering curriculum.
   
• Master's and Doctoral Degrees in Industrial Engineering: Graduate degrees usually specialize in a particular area of study within industrial engineering, such as human factors engineering, computer simulation or supply chain management.
   
• Online Industrial Engineering Degrees: Online and distance learning programs in industrial engineering are available at all levels, from associate's degrees in industrial engineering technology to doctoral-level study.

Salaries

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2012-13 Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for industrial engineers is $77,240. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors.

Fire Protection Engineering Degrees and Careers

What You'll Do

By Jennifer Wegerer
Fire protection engineering professionals use science and technology to research the causes of fires and determine fire protection methods. Among their many job duties, fire and safety engineers recommend or design fire detection materials or equipment that will help protect life and property against fire, explosion and related hazards.
In order to carry out this role, fire protection engineers might perform several of the following different job tasks:

• Inspect buildings or building designs for potential fire protection problems.
• Advise architects and builders on fire codes and fire protection equipment.
• Create plans to prevent damage or destruction from fire, wind and water.
• Manage the purchase, installation and maintenance of fire protection systems.
• Test construction materials and consumer products for fire safety.
• Remain abreast of local safety regulations and recommend changes to authorities as necessary.

 

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Job Opportunities

From fire departments and government agencies to research labs and forensic investigations, fire and safety engineers enjoy a wide range of career opportunities in diverse organizations. They work in hospitals, colleges, insurance companies and even the entertainment industry. Along with salaried positions, fire and safety engineers can go into private consulting. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (DOL), the top industries for fire protection engineering are manufacturing and construction.

The Future of Fire Protection Engineering

Clearly, fire protection engineering saves lives. But people who experience the stress that a fire inherently elicits can forget to trigger fire alarms, fail to follow escape routes or make other bad decisions that inadvertently endanger people's lives. To compensate for these reactions, fire and safety engineers have turned to technology, and the strides they have made are fascinating.

As an example, active monitoring systems on portable fire extinguishers can initiate a fire alarm signal or notify a building authority of the fire the moment someone lifts the extinguisher. These systems also incorporate obstruction detection technology, which senses whether something is blocking the fire extinguisher, as well as a pressure gauge containing an electrical output that signals when the pressure has fallen below safe operating levels.

Schools & Degrees

The Society of Fire Protection Engineers (FPE) indicates that students interested in fire protection science can take one of two paths: fire protection engineering or fire protection technology. Different colleges and universities offer bachelor's- and master's-level training in both arenas.

• Fire protection engineering focuses on developing theoretical and engineering skills in the analysis and design of fire protection equipment and materials
   
• The study of fire protection technology emphasizes the application, installation and operation of fire safety systems

Some schools might offer fire and safety engineering courses as electives that students can take as part of another engineering specialty, which can help build a foundation for an eventual master's degree. Whatever path a student chooses, earning a degree and gaining practical experience are the two key factors toward finding success and job opportunities as a fire and safety engineer.

Salaries

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2012-13 Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for health and safety engineers is $75,430. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors.

Molecular Engineering Degrees and Careers

What You'll Do

Imagine a tiny device that pilots through the body and identifies and blots out small clusters of cancer cells before they can spread. What if the entire Library of Congress could be contained in a box the size of a sugar cube?
According to the U.S. National Science Foundation, these types of extraordinary accomplishments are fast becoming a part of our reality. Welcome to the world of molecular engineering—sometimes called nanotechnology or molecular manufacturing—which involves the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale.

 

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Job Opportunities

Molecular engineers work in virtually every industry, including pharmaceutical research, materials science, robotics, mechanical engineering and biotechnology.  Because molecular engineering is considered a “general-purpose technology,” it has the potential to impact almost all industries and areas of society. Molecular engineering will create durable, smart products for the medical, transportation and agriculture industries, opening doors to careers in these, and other, in-demand fields.

The Future of Molecular Engineering

The future of molecular engineering is limitless, and career prospects are promising. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that job opportunities are excellent in certain related fields, such as biomedical engineering. However there is significant debate on the implications of nanotechnology because it raises the same issues as any new technology: what is its impact upon the environment, and what are the prospects for global disaster?

Schools & Degrees

Colleges and universities across the U.S. offer degree programs in related fields of engineering, such as chemical engineering, environmental and bio-molecular engineering at the bachelor’s, masters and doctoral level. Because it is an emerging field, degree programs focusing entirely on molecular engineering are often considered special track programs and are only offered in tandem with other engineering degree programs.
K. Eric Drexler, PhD, a researcher and author whose work focuses on advanced nanotechnologies, advises students interested in entering the field to broaden their studies to include fundamental courses in mathematics, mechanics, chemistry, thermodynamics and electromagnetics in order to fully
thrive in a career in molecular engineering.

Salaries

Molecular engineers are part of the larger fields of biomedical engineering and chemical engineering. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2012-13 Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for a biomedical engineer is $84,670, while a chemical engineer earns $92,930. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors.

Engineering Technology Degrees and Careers

What You'll Do

By Sarah Stevenson
Engineering technology involves the hands-on application of technical expertise to engineering tasks in a wide range of industries. From building our nation's infrastructure to making our transportation and energy systems more efficient, wherever scientists and engineers are found, so are engineering technicians and technologists. Engineering techs may assist with setting up equipment, conducting experiments, and collecting data, or they may be involved in the design and development end of the process, using computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) equipment or constructing prototypes.

Job Opportunities

Working in the field of engineering technology most likely means spending a lot of time in a lab, at a construction site, or in a manufacturing or industrial plant. Depending on your area of specialization, you might find job opportunities anywhere from microelectronics to biotechnology to industrial manufacturing.
A career in the technology of engineering is more narrowly focused than the career of a regular engineer, focusing on applied rather than theoretical knowledge. Most people who work in the field specialize in a particular area, such as aerospace engineering technology, environmental engineering technology or manufacturing engineering technology, to name just a few.

The Future of Engineering Technology

Because of the continuing need for skilled workers on-site at infrastructure improvement projects such as transportation, pollution control systems, and building and road repair, civil engineering technology is expected to be a rapidly-growing field in the decade to come. Environmental engineering technology is one of the most exciting areas in terms of expansion, and environmental engineering techs help companies and governments comply with environmental regulations and implement new, cleaner technologies. Some job growth is also expected in the area of industrial engineering technology, where skilled workers are needed to analyze performance, reduce costs and improve productivity.

Schools & Degrees

• Associate's Degree in Engineering Technology: A 2-year associate's degree is the minimum education needed to start a career as an engineering technician. This program involves training within one of the many engineering technology specialties. Technical institutes, community colleges, university extension programs, vocational schools and the Armed Forces offer associate's degree programs.

• Bachelor's Degree in Engineering Technology: A 4-year degree specializing in the technology of engineering usually prepares you to become an engineering technologist or even an applied engineer, rather than a technician. If you already hold a 2-year degree in engineering technology, you may be able to transfer some or all of your credits to a 4-year degree program.

• Master's and Doctoral Degrees in Engineering Technology: Higher-level jobs may be available to those who complete a master's degree, such as a Master of Science in Engineering Technology (MSET). An advanced degree will teach you a more sophisticated skill set and prepare you for supervisory roles. Doctorates in engineering technology itself are rare, but some engineering techs choose to pursue a PhD in  management or in a specific engineering discipline.

Salaries

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2012-13 Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for environmental engineering technicians is $43,390; for civil engineering technicians, $46,290; and for industrial engineering technicians, $48,210. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors.

Engineering Management Degrees and Careers

What You'll Do

Engineering Management is a career that brings together the technological problem-solving savvy of engineering and the organizational, administrative, and planning abilities of management in order to oversee complex enterprises from conception to completion. Engineering managers possess the practical experience as engineers that enables them to apply technical expertise to a project, but it's equally critical that they have the skills to organize and direct projects, as well as manage a variety of personnel, such as scientists, other engineers and support staff.
Engineering managers plan, coordinate, and supervise research, development, and production in a variety of engineering fields. Engineering management job duties may include:

• overseeing the design of machinery, equipment, products or systems
• directing production, quality assurance or maintenance
• designing and assessing the feasibility of new products or processes
• coordinating with other units, such as management, financial or marketing

 

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Job Opportunities

In order to take advantage of the job opportunities available in engineering management, an engineer needs to have excellent communication and business management skills in addition to technical expertise in their specific field of engineering. A large percentage of jobs—36 percent—are in manufacturing industries, while 33 percent are in scientific, professional and technical services, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The Future of Engineering Management

The rapidly growing fields of biomedical and environmental engineering present the most promising job prospects for future engineering managers. Environmental engineering managers focus on applying engineering skills to solving environmental problems in areas such as pollution control, waste management, recycling, or vehicle emissions. Engineering management in the biomedical field involves supervising research and development to address medical and health-related problems, whether it's designing new devices and imaging systems or assessing procedures such as care delivery and medical information systems.

Schools & Degrees

Engineering management degrees are currently available for the following degree types:

• Associate's Degree in Engineering Management: One early step on the road to an engineering management career is an associate's degree in an engineering-related discipline. An associate's degree usually prepares you for a job as a technician, but it can also lead to further education such as a bachelor's or master's degree.
   
• Bachelor's Degree in Engineering Management: There are a couple of options for undergraduates interested in becoming engineering managers: bachelor of science or bachelor of engineering degrees in a specific field such as mechanical engineering, or bachelor of science degrees specializing in management science or engineering management. In either case, prospective engineering managers will need to follow up their bachelor's degree with on-the-job experience in both engineering and management.
   
• Master's and Doctoral Degrees in Engineering Management: Bachelor's degree holders may also opt to continue their education and pursue a master's degree in engineering management (MEM), a master of business administration (MBA), or a master's degree in a related field such as operations research. Some doctoral degrees are also available in these areas.

Salaries

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2012-13 Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for architectual and engineering managers is $119,260. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors.

Electrical Engineering Schools, Degrees and Careers

 

What You'll Do

By Sarah Stevenson
If you want to be on the cutting edge of new technological development, electrical engineering may be the career for you. Whether it's a motor for the latest electric car, a navigation system used in GPS devices, or a wind turbine power system for efficient energy production, an electrical engineer was involved in its design and manufacture.
Though the term electrical engineering is often used interchangeably with electronics engineering, the two areas have slightly different emphases:

• An electrical engineer is responsible for designing, developing, testing, and supervising the production of electrical equipment and systems, in fields ranging from transportation to lighting and wiring systems to power generation and transmission.
   
• Electronics engineers focus more on communications, signal processing, and other electronics systems.

Job Opportunities

Job opportunities are good for electrical engineering graduates, despite a few minor obstacles. Cutbacks in government funding for research and defense programs cause slowdowns from time to time in engineering job opportunities. In addition, international competition in product development as well as engineering services has limited employment growth. However, engineers who stay up-to-date with technology and continue their education throughout their careers will remain competitive.

The Future of Electrical Engineering

Looking forward, electrical engineers can find rewarding work in the burgeoning fields of alternative energy, biomedical technology, and personal technology. With an increasing emphasis on secure, cost-effective and environmentally efficient energy solutions like solar and wind power, engineering jobs abound in areas such as wind turbine energy and power system security. Electrical engineering also factors into the development of medical imaging systems and instrumentation, wireless communications devices and consumer products.

Schools & Degrees

The following degree programs are available for students desiring to become an electrical engineer:

• Associate's Degree in Electrical Engineering: Although a bachelor's degree is the standard starting point for a career as an electrical engineer, job opportunities are also available for associate's degree holders. Schools may offer 2-year degrees in fields such as computer programming, electrical technology, renewable energy, and electronics engineering technology, leading to employment at the technician level.
   
• Bachelor's Degree in Electrical Engineering: A Bachelor of Science (BS) or Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) in electrical, electronics or computer engineering generally leads to a job as an engineer, while a Bachelor of Science in Engineering Technology or a Bachelor of Engineering Technology leads to employment in practical design or production, such as a technologist position.
   
• Master's and Doctoral Degrees in Electrical Engineering: For those interested in more advanced research and development positions or in teaching engineering—or for those who simply want to broaden their horizons and learn new technology—a master's-level or doctoral degree may be desirable. Common graduate degrees in electrical engineering include a Master of Science (MS), Master of Engineering (MEng), or a PhD.
   
• Online Electrical Engineering Degrees: Increasing numbers of colleges are offering Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, and Master of Engineering degrees either wholly or partially online. This can be an ideal option for those already employed in electrical engineering who would like to expand their knowledge of the field.

Salaries

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2012-13 Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for electrical engineers is $85,920. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors.

 

Construction Management Engineering Degrees and Careers

 

What You'll Do

By Jennifer Wegerer
Construction management engineering professionals plan, budget, and direct construction projects, including roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, and residential and commercial structures. Construction management engineers typically do not do any actual construction work themselves but are responsible for selecting, hiring and overseeing specialty trade contractors, such as carpenters, plumbers and electricians.

Focused on delivering construction projects on time and within budget, construction managers are involved with a project from conceptual development to final construction. Their breadth of construction knowledge and project management expertise make them essential to getting projects off the ground and employing contractors who can produce the highest quality work within the specified timeline.

 

Job Opportunities

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 61 percent of construction managers are self-employed, earning their living as owners of construction management or contracting firms. Others might work under contract as a salaried employee for a construction company, a property owner or a developer. Construction managers perform their duties at a main office or on the job site, usually remaining on call 24 hours a day.

A growing emphasis on improving energy efficiency in new and existing structures, upgrading the country's infrastructure, and increasing energy supply lines will contribute to the many new job opportunities in construction management engineering.

The Future of Construction Management Engineering

Construction management engineering is at the forefront of devising practices and methods for developing twenty-first century building designs that incorporate cost-effective innovations in energy efficiency and sustainability.

The Construction Management Association of America (CMAA) describes how sustainable development in the construction industry will soon become a part of the mainstream—for both its environmental benefits and its cost-effectiveness. And construction managers who engage in sustainable practices, and accurately identify for clients which methods will deliver the strongest return on investment, will see an increased demand for their expertise.

Schools & Degrees

A bachelor's degree in construction science, construction management, building science or civil engineering is the most common credential for construction management jobs. Just as important as a four-year degree, however, is practical experience. From internships and cooperative education programs to work in one of the many construction trades, gaining experience in the field is essential to obtaining a construction management engineering position.

Colleges and universities across the U.S. offer bachelor's programs in construction-related sciences and engineering. Students should expect their undergraduate course work to include project control and development, site planning, design, construction methods, cost estimating, building codes and standards, and information technology.

Although not required, many construction managers obtain professional certification to demonstrate advanced competence in their field. The CMAA and the American Institute of Constructors (AIC) offer voluntary certification exams to candidates who meet experience and education requirements.

Salaries

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2012-13 Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for construction management engineers is $83,860. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors.